Queen Mary I. Historic adj. Historical adj. Immigrant n. Emigrant n. Note: The noun forms emigrant and immigrant are derived from the verbs to emigrate and to immigrate. He immigrated to the United States from Russia. In Russia, he's an emigrant. Lie lay, lain v.
Cambridge is located about 50 miles 60 km north of London. Lie lied, lied v. Lay laid, laid v. Please leave the book on the desk. I left keys on the table. Loose adj. Lose v. Loss n. Official adj. Officious adj. Peasant n. Pheasant n. Peek n. Peek v. She peered through the curtains. Peak n. At last we reached the summit. Pique n. Pique v. This story aroused my curiosity. Piece n. Peace n. Plane n. Plain n. Plain adj. Plain adv. Pour v. Pore n. Pore v. Poor adj. Prey n. Prey v. Pray v. Principle n.
Principal n. Principal adj. Site n. Cite v. Sight n. Sight v. Sights n. Stephen's Cathedral is one of the most famous Viennese sights and was built in Stationery n stationery is a general name given to paper and office supplies; the term «stationery» is frequently used to refer more specifically to paper used for written correspondence — Your «thank you» letter should be written on fine stationery.
Stationary adj. Weather n. Whether conj. When you've seen one shopping centre, you've seen a mall. Make the table of your own to represent more mispronounced English words. To complete the activity surf the Internet and printed resourses. Use the words in the sentences of your own and be ready to transcribe them. Create a table that represents the main pronunciation mistakes of the Ukrainian and English languages. Write a report on the topics: «What speaking skills must an ideal lecturer possess?
Which of them did you like or dislike, and why? What are common pronunciation mistakes of Ukrainian learners of English in production of consonants? What are typical mistakes of Ukrainian learners in production of vowels?
What are the best guides to correct spelling? Baker, A. Ship or Sheep? Besides, the functions of phonemes in all languages, including English and Ukrainian, are common.
The main of these functions are: 1 The constitutive function, i. The quantitative representation of consonant sounds and phonemes is different in either of the contrasted languages: in English their number is 24 and in Ukrainian — This knowledge is a good aid both in linguistic analysis and in language teaching; if the learner knows the speech basis of the foreign language it will be easier for him to learn the peculiarities of its sound system and master it.
Differences in the articulation basis of languages including those of English and Ukrainian have not been sufficiently investigated. But the most general and characteristic points of difference between the articulation basis of English and that of Ukrainian in the matter of lip and tongue positions is the general tendency toward retracted position in Ukrainian. In English the tongue in neutral position lies somewhat farther back than in Ukrainian while the tongue tip has a general tendency to move towards the teeth-ridge, whereas in Ukrainian it tends to move towards the upper front teeth.
The result is that most forelingual consonants are alveolar in English and dental in Ukrainian. Ukrainian students of English sometimes palatalize consonants before front and mixed vowels because of the habit of doing so in the native language.
Most of English consonants are pronounced without palatalization. English classification of vowels differs from those of Ukrainian. All English vowels with the exception of diphthongs are generally divided into long and short. The length of vowels influences the meaning of the word. English auxiliary verbs have weak and strong forms depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed. Sometimes the weak form is a contraction.
Yes, he was. Yes, we were. Yes, I can. Where have you been? Some prepositions also have weak and strong vowel sounds. In English the final consonants are strong in order to prevent the phonological mistakes. Oh, swing the king and swing the queen.
Robert Rowley rolled a round roll round, A round roll Robert Rowley rolled round. Read and study carefully the following. These sentences sound very unnatural. Rewrite them in more natural English with contractions where appropriate.
Underline all auxiliaries and prepositions with weak vowel sounds. Write in bold all those with strong vowels.
Example I do not want to see him, but I am sure you want to. Are you? Where were you? The following words end on -s. How do you pronounce this sound correctly? Write the words into the correct column: cars, boys, cages, clocks, scarves, watches, hats, boxes, baskets, rabbits.
The following words end on -ed. How do you pronounce this ending correctly: climbed, liked, cooked, moved, started, worked, showed, answered, waited, collected [t], [d] or [id]. How do you pronounce the -o- in the following words?
Write the words into the correct column: sometimes, love, group, does, move, before, divorced, lots, cousin, afternoon. How do you pronounce the letter a in the following words correctly? Write the words into the correct column: hat, travel, sad, card, dark, bad, stay, bank, garden, plane. A young man comes before a customs agent: A: "State your citizenship".
B:"American" pronounced with a Spanish accent. A: "Hold on there, buddy. Say that again". B: "I sed American". A: "I'm going to give you a test". B: "No, no senor, no need for test, I tell you I"m American". A: "Yeah, sure buddy. OK, let's see, I've got it. Make a sentence with the following colors: green, pink and yellow".
B: "Oh senor, I tell you I'm American. But OK, let's see I was at my bruder-in-laws house and the phone went 'green, green, I pinked it up and sed yellow! Study the table «English phonetic system» and add 10 more words with transcription to every line of examples. State why audience analysis is especially important for persuasive speaker.
Discuss the role persuasion plays in a free society. Under what circumstances could persuasion be used for harmful purposes? Make presentation on the difference of pronunciation of Ukrainian and English sounds. What are the main functions of phonemes in all languages? Why is it very important to know the peculiarities of the articulation basis of the foreign language studied and that of one's mother tongue? What are the most general and characteristic points of difference between the articulation basis of English and Ukrainian languages?
Why does English classification of vowels differ from those of Ukrainian? Comment on the main phonological differences of Ukrainian and English languages. Bowen T. Laroy, C. Press, Naturally, peculiarities of the manners and customs of life in these countries caused new pronunciation aspects due to their geographical remoteness from the classical English.
In order to be able to discuss the features of particular accents of English, it is useful to have one or more reference models to compare this accent to. For both of the major dialects of English, the British and the American one, such models exist. However, one has to bear in mind that these models are not really, as is often assumed, based on features such as better intelligibility, etc.
Furthermore, the English Language Teaching ELT and Language Testing industries have always had a major influence on the propagation of certain beliefs about which accents should be preferred over others. British English. The term was originally coined by Daniel Jones and was supposed to reflect the speech of educated Southern schoolboys, i. A more recent and updated, but in parts slightly controversial, description by Clive Upton can be found in the Handbook of Varieties of English.
American English. The reference accent for American English is called General American and is to some extent based on the speech of the more prestigious New England states, but also shows considerable variation. It is therefore often rather defined as an accent with few or no particularly strong regional features.
In the unit we consider only American English the form of English used in the United States that includes all English dialects used within the United States of America and British English variants the form of English used in the United Kingdom that includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom as the most spread. In this manual we intend to give only a general draft of this question to let students get a general notion of it that is enough to help them deeper realize the nature of different English language phonetics phenomena.
The English language was first introduced to America by British colonization, beginning in the early 17th century. Over the past years, the form of the language used in America — especially in the United States — and that used in the British Isles have diverged in a few minor ways, leading to the dialects now occasionally referred to as American English and British English.
Differences between the two include pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary lexis , spelling, punctuation, idioms, formatting of dates and numbers, and so on, although the differences in written and most spoken grammar structure tend to be much more minor than those of other aspects of the language in terms of mutual intelligibility.
A small number of words have completely different meanings between the two dialects or are even unknown or not used in one of the dialects. This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are «two countries divided by a common language»; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill.
Likewise, Oscar Wilde wrote, «We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, the language» The Canterville Ghost, Henry Sweet falsely predicted in , that within a century, American English, Australian English and British English would be mutually unintelligible. It may be the case that increased worldwide communication through radio, television, the Internet, and globalization has reduced the tendency to regional variation. This can result either in some variations becoming extinct for instance, the wireless, superseded by the radio or in the acceptance of wide variations as «perfectly good English» everywhere.
Often at the core of the dialect though, the idiosyncrasies remain. Nevertheless, it remains the case that although spoken American and British English are generally mutually intelligible, there are enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings or at times embarrassment — for example, some words that are quite innocent in one dialect may be considered vulgar in the other.
Written forms of American and British English as found in newspapers and textbooks vary little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media comparing American newspapers to British newspapers, for example. This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called «standard English». An unofficial standard for spoken American English has also developed, as a result of mass media and geographic and social mobility.
It is typically referred to as «standard spoken American English» or «General American English», and broadly describes the English typically heard from network newscasters, commonly referred to as non-regional diction, although local newscasters tend toward more parochial forms of speech. Despite this unofficial standard, regional variations of American English have not only persisted but have actually intensified, according to linguist William Labov. Scholars have mapped at least four major regional variations of spoken American English: Northern, Southern, Midland, and Western.
After the American Civil War, the settlement of the western territories by migrants from the east led to dialect mixing and levelling, so that regional dialects are most strongly differentiated in the eastern parts of the country that were settled earlier. Localized dialects also exist with quite distinct variations, such as in Southern Appalachia and New York.
The spoken forms of British English vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. Dialects and accents vary not only between the countries in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within these individual countries. There are also differences in the English spoken by different groups of people in any particular region.
The BBC and other broadcasters now intentionally use a mix of presenters with a variety of British accents and dialects, and the concept of «proper English» is now far less prevalent. Since the s regional accents have become increasingly accepted in mainstream media, and are frequently heard. It is the accent of Standard English in England with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms.
RP is used to a much lesser extent in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Until recently, RP English was widely considered to be more educated than other accents.
Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors have given Received Pronunciation particular prestige in England and Wales, especially since the early to mid 20th century. However, the expression had actually been used much earlier by Alexander Ellis in and Peter DuPonceau in the term used by Henry C. Wyld in was «received standard».
The word received conveys its original meaning of accepted or approved — as in «received wisdom». The reference to this pronunciation as Oxford English is because it was traditionally the common speech of Oxford University; the production of dictionaries gave Oxford University prestige in matters of language.
The extended versions of the Oxford English Dictionary give Received Pronunciation guidelines for each word. RP is an accent a form of pronunciation and a register, rather than a dialect a form of vocabulary and grammar as well as pronunciation. It may show a great deal about the social and educational background of a person who uses English. Anyone using RP will typically speak Standard English although the reverse is not necessarily true e.
RP is often believed to be based on the Southern accents of England, but it actually has most in common with the Early Modern English dialects of the East Midlands. This was the most populated and most prosperous area of England during the 14th and 15th centuries.
By the end of the 15th century, «Standard English» was established in the City of London. The modern style of RP is an accent often taught to non-native speakers learning British English. Non-RP Britons abroad may modify their pronunciation to something closer to Received Pronunciation in order to be understood better by people unfamiliar with the diversity of British accents.
They may also modify their vocabulary and grammar to be closer to Standard English, for the same reason. RP is often used as the standard for English in most books on general phonology and phonetics and is represented in the pronunciation schemes of most dictionaries published in the United Kingdom.
Traditionally, Received Pronunciation was the «everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk had been educated at the great public boarding-schools» and which conveyed no information about that speaker's region of origin prior to attending the school. Burrell, Recitation. In the 19th century, there were still British prime ministers who spoke with some regional features, such as William Ewart Gladstone. From the s onwards, attitudes towards Received Pronunciation have been changing slowly.
One issue which also can not be altogether disregarded is the substantial difference between RP and the variants of English which are used by large groups of native speakers in the British Isles and elsewhere. Finally, it needs to be stated that when it comes to the correct pattern of English pronunciation, one cannot afford to be totally dogmatic: there is room for variation even in the most rigid standard or RP.
How much wood could Chuck Woods' woodchuck chuck, if Chuck Woods' woodchuck could and would chuck wood? If Chuck Woods' woodchuck could and would chuck wood, how much wood could and would Chuck Woods' woodchuck chuck? Chuck Woods' woodchuck would chuck, he would, as much as he could, and chuck as much wood as any woodchuck would, if a woodchuck could and would chuck wood.
Through three cheese trees three free fleas flew. Plant height agroforestry depends on the growth stage because cm and stem diameter mm of papaya plant of shade effect and root competition Prasad et from February to October has been al. The performance of papaya plant was presented in Fig. In this mixed Agroforestry system papaya Results showed that the average plant height in growth and development was smooth without any February was Because, there was no lack of nutrient mm and it increased gradually in each and water as well as minimum competition with measurement dates and the final plant height and young litchi tree.
However, this system increased stem diameter in October were cm and Plant height of papaya cm during February to October Fig. Stem diameter of papaya mm during February to October Int.
Average Table 5. Average yield and yield contributing characters of papaya in litchi-papaya-Indian spinach based Agroforestry system Repl. Growth performance of litchi tree was found slow. It may take time to develop its root system; Plant height cm and stem diameter mm was on the other hand, litchi is normally a slow monitored in each month from December to growing plant.
These were the reasons behind October Fig. In the initial slower growth of litchi plant in litchi-papaya- measurement at December plant height and indian spinach based Agroforestry system. The stem diameter were It increased over time and at final litchi plant were Plant height of litchi cm during December to October Fig.
Stem diameter of litchi mm during December to October Int. In litchi- Hartemink, A. Soil nitrate and water spinach varieties responded differently. Sprout dynamica in sesbania fallows, weed fallows plant-1 and sprout weight were significantly and maize. Soil Sci. An not vary. D who founded it. He built a fort in Hajipur, with a mosque inside it called Jami Masjid, a building measuring The location of Vaishali and its blocks shown below in.
Famous Mahatma Gandhi Setu m long over river Ganga connects it with the state capital Patna; while another rail and road bridge over Gandak connects it with Sonepur, headquarter of a railway sub-division under ECR. The plain terrain of town and its nearby places is famous for banana, Litchi and mango plantations.
The region looks green with plants and trees growing in semi-tropical monsoon climate. However, months of May-June are hot and December-January is cold.
Search form Search. Important Information Regarding communication of order dated Sep 17, - such as deforestation also have a considerable impact on the ability of the terrestrial biosphere to emit or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. An overview of Forest Biomass Estimation in India. Tiwari and Theimpact of human influence over forest ecosystems of the Himalaya has been a Abstract: Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation REDD is expected to play key The removal of carbon on account of harvest of non-timber Beside this in The removal of India's forests to net carbon emissions as well.
Panchayat forests reveals that the mean carbon sequestration rate for India was 3. Effect of leaf litter removal on soil nutrients in central himalayan banj. Oct 23, - Forests as a source of carbon emissions were largely ignored under the Kyoto India has a strong policy framework for conservation of its natural forests.
There is a significant proportion carbon in forest litter layer. The present As Nambiar points out the most striking impacts on soils and hence productivity Nutrientremoval from soil as trees grow and then are harvested;; Changes in the The influence of litter on soil chemical status may be important since leaves of The most practical way of removing excess carbon from This paper provides information on carbon stock at the habitat level in the above ground biomass Above ground biomass, standing leaf and wood litter were estimated The mean annual litter fall in Anriyakot Van Panchayat forest was 6.
The soil organic carbon percentage of the Anriyakot Van Panchayat ranged Raikwal D. Effect of leaf litter removal on soil nutrients in Central Himalayan Mar 1, - The present study estimates the net emission of carbon from the forestsector in India.
For the reference year , the gross emission from Carbon flows in Indian forests. Carbon Balance and Management Full text Forest carbon Here we estimated carbon storage in India's forest biomass for the years , Carbon ows in Indian forests. Somashekhar, B. The Western Ghats of India is one of the biologically richest areas in South The cumulative net carbon flux from Indian forests due to land In India very littleinformation exists about the rate at which the Carbon flows in Indian.
The paper quantifies the role of Indian forests as source or sink of carbon. Sudhakar Johnson, R. Umesh Khandekar. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Web Ref. Uploaded by Utkarsh Ghate.
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